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Immune Ageing & Glycan Biology
A glycan-based view of biological ageing.
Finger-prick blood sample, collected at home.
- Home collectionFinger-prick blood sample
- Personalised reportBiological age and glycan indexes
- Specialist interpretationAn included 1:1 result call
Overview
See a biological signal in context
Immune Ageing & Glycan Biology analyses glycans attached to immunoglobulin G (IgG), an antibody in your blood. It provides a biological age estimate and insights into glycan patterns associated with inflammation and ageing.
You may feel well and have routine blood results within their reference ranges. IgG glycan profiling examines a different biological layer: patterns linked to immune regulation and age-related inflammation. It can add context to your health assessment, alongside symptoms, history and conventional tests. Use your result to discuss sleep, nutrition, activity, stress and recovery with a specialist.
- 01
Biological age
- An age in years from IgG glycan patterns
- Compared with your chronological age
- Reflects this biomarker model, not the age of every organ
- 02
Glycan indexes
- Shield (S)
- Youth (G2)
- Mature (G0)
- Supporting indexes for more detail
- 03
Interpretation
- Personalised health insights
- An included 1:1 result call
- Additional specialist sessions for follow-up
What is measured
What your report includes
A clear starting point for discussing your biology and planning follow-up.
Biological age estimate
An age in years derived from IgG glycan patterns and compared with your chronological age. It reflects this biomarker model, rather than the age of every organ.Primary glycan indexes
Shield (S), Youth (G2) and Mature (G0), describing patterns associated with anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory IgG characteristics.Supporting glycan insights
Additional indexes add detail to your glycan profile, interpreted together with the primary results and your clinical context.Personalised health insights
Relevant lifestyle factors and priorities for your specialist to review. A report category does not independently diagnose a condition.1:1 result interpretation
An included call helps you understand your report, possible influences on the result and sensible next steps.Retest guidance
A suggested interval for repeat testing, agreed with your specialist.
Inside the report
What the report shows
Inside the sample report
- Exceptional immune regulation
- Low chronic inflammation
Bars run from suboptimal to optimal; for pro-inflammatory and variance indexes, lower is optimal.
The science behind the signal
A spectrum of glycan patterns
Patterns change with age
- Anti-inflammatory
- Intermediate
- Pro-inflammatory
Beyond the genetic code
One layer of a complex biology
What you get
Make your result useful
For the patient
- Bring your medication and supplement list, relevant health history and recent changes in sleep, training, nutrition, recovery or hormones
- Use the call to identify practical next steps you can sustain
- Agree what to track and when a repeat test would add useful information
For the clinician
- A biological layer that complements symptoms, history and conventional tests
- Anti- and pro-inflammatory glycan indexes to support the conversation
- A baseline for follow-up, read against biological and analytical variation
- Helps distinguish report suggestions from changes that require clinical review
How it works
From sample to interpretation
- 01
Order and register
Receive your kit and register it using the supplied instructions. - 02
Collect and return
Take a finger-prick sample and return it in the supplied prepaid envelope. - 03
Review and discuss
Receive your report and book the included interpretation call. Additional specialist sessions can support follow-up.
Laboratory workflow
- 1IgG isolationIgG antibodies are isolated from the blood sample.
- 2Glycan releaseThe glycans attached to IgG are released.
- 3Fluorescent labellingReleased glycans are labelled with a fluorescent dye, so they can be detected.
- 4Measuring glycansThe labelled glycans are separated and the quantity of each type is measured.
- 5Calculating your resultThe glycan profile is compared with a large reference database to estimate biological age.
Age- and sex-associated glycan patterns
- Sialylated
- Partly sialylated
- Digalactosylated
- Monogalactosylated
- Agalactosylated
- Men
- Women
- Age, years
Method and evidence
Evidence and practical limits
Human evidence
A population study of 5,117 people found age-associated IgG glycan patterns and associations with physiological measures. This supports biomarker research, rather than an individual diagnosis or a guarantee of future health. [1]Hormones and biological context
An intervention study in 36 women showed that suppression of gonadal hormones and estradiol treatment affected the glycan age index. Results are specific to the study and do not establish lifespan extension, an anti-ageing treatment or a reason to change medication based on a test score. [2]Analytical quality
The laboratory reports triplicate analysis and CLIA certification. Certification applies to laboratory operations; it does not by itself validate every age, disease-risk or lifestyle claim.Age estimates have uncertainty
A reported precision of ±1 year should not be read as proof that your true whole-body biological age is known to that precision. Repeatability, model prediction error and clinical significance are different measures.
Scientific references
Published research on IgG glycosylation
Studies, reviews and method papers on IgG and plasma-protein glycosylation, grouped by topic. Some appear under more than one topic.
Ageing20
- Chernykh et al. RCL glycosylation of serum corticosteroid-binding globulin: implications in cortisol delivery and septic shock. Glycobiology. 2025.
- Lauc Can we suppress chronic systemic inflammation and postpone age-related diseases by targeting the IgG glycome? Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 2024.
- Flevaris et al. Machine learning framework to extract the biomarker potential of plasma IgG N-glycans towards disease risk stratification. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 2024.
- Pongracz et al. The Human Blood N-Glycome: Unraveling Disease Glycosylation Patterns. JACS Au. 2024.
- Shkunnikova et al. IgG glycans in health and disease: Prediction, intervention, prognosis, and therapy. Biotechnology Advances. 2023.
- Halama et al. The Molecular Human – A Roadmap of Molecular Interactions Linking Multiomics Networks with Disease Endpoints. medRxiv. 2022.
- Krištić et al. Systems glycobiology: immunoglobulin G glycans as biomarkers and functional effectors in aging and diseases. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2022.
- Macdonald-Dunlop et al. A catalogue of omics biological ageing clocks reveals substantial commonality and associations with disease risk. Aging (Albany NY). 2022.
- Meng et al. Glycomic biomarkers are instrumental for suboptimal health status management in the context of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. EPMA Journal. 2022.
- Paton et al. Glycosylation Biomarkers Associated with Age-Related Diseases and Current Methods for Glycan Analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021.
- Liu and Liu Chapter One - IgG N-glycans. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2021.
- Cindrić et al. Glycosylation and ageing. The Role of Glycosylation in Health and Disease. 2021.
- Štambuk et al. N-glycans as functional effectors of genetic and epigenetic disease risk. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2021.
- Wang et al. Next-Generation (Glycomic) Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Health: A Community-Based Study of Immunoglobulin G N-Glycans in a Chinese Han Population. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology. 2019.
- Reily et al. Glycosylation in health and disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2019.
- Gudelj et al. Immunoglobulin G glycosylation in aging and diseases. Cellular Immunology. 2018.
- Seeling et al. Differential antibody glycosylation in autoimmunity: sweet biomarker or modulator of disease activity? Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2017.
- Xue et al. IgG-Fc N-glycosylation at Asn297 and IgA O-glycosylation in the hinge region in health and disease. Glycoconjugate Journal. 2013.
- Chen et al. Human IgG Fc-glycosylation profiling reveals associations with age, sex, female sex hormones and thyroid cancer. Journal of Proteomics. 2012.
- Mariño et al. Changes in serum N-glycosylation profiles: functional significance and potential for diagnostics. Carbohydrate Chemistry. 2011.
Diseases83
- Šoić et al. Human complement component C3 N-glycome changes in type 1 diabetes complications. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023.
- Sénard et al. Baseline IgG-Fc N-glycosylation profile is associated with long-term outcome in a cohort of early inflammatory arthritis patients. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2022.
- Xu et al. The role of IgG N-galactosylation in spondyloarthritis. Translational Metabolic Syndrome Research. 2022.
- Kissel et al. IgG Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibody Variable Domain Glycosylation Increases Before the Onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Stabilizes Thereafter: A Cross-Sectional Study Encompassing ~1,500 Samples. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2022.
- Rudman et al. Children at onset of type 1 diabetes show altered N-glycosylation of plasma proteins and IgG. Diabetologia. 2022.
- Gyebrovszki et al. The Role of IgG Fc Region N-Glycosylation in the Pathomechanism of Rheumatoid Arthritis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022.
- Font et al. IgG N-glycosylation from Patients with Pemphigus Treated with Rituximab. Biomedicines. 2022.
- Liu et al. Characteristics of purified anti-β2GPI IgG N-glycosylation associate with thrombotic, obstetric and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology. 2022.
- Ząbczyńska et al. Glycosylation in Autoimmune Diseases. The Role of Glycosylation in Health and Disease. 2021.
- Petit et al. Longitudinal Pathogenic Properties and N-Glycosylation Profile of Antibodies from Patients with Pemphigus after Corticosteroid Treatment. Biomedicines. 2021.
- Mandel-Brehm et al. Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. Journal of Immunology. 2021.
- Werner et al. Targeting B cells in the pre-phase of systemic autoimmunity globally interferes with autoimmune pathology. iScience. 2021.
- Clauder et al. IgG Fc N-Glycosylation Translates MHCII Haplotype into Autoimmune Skin Disease. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2021.
- Li et al. Sialylated immunoglobulin G: a promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. Theranostics. 2021.
- Zaytseva et al. Investigation of the causal relationships between human IgG N-glycosylation and 12 common diseases associated with changes in the IgG N-glycome. Human Molecular Genetics. 2021.
- Zeng et al. Changes of Serum IgG Glycosylation Patterns in Primary Biliary Cholangitis Patients. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021.
- van Delft and Huizinga An overview of autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2020.
- Du et al. Phytoestrogens protect joints in collagen induced arthritis by increasing IgG glycosylation and reducing osteoclast activation. International Immunopharmacology. 2020.
- Schmidt et al. IgG-Fc glycosylation before and after rituximab treatment in immune thrombocytopenia. Scientific Reports. 2020.
- Su et al. Aberrant Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation in Rheumatoid Arthritis by LTQ-ESI-MS. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020.
- Kissel et al. On the presence of HLA-SE alleles and ACPA-IgG variable domain glycosylation in the phase preceding the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2019.
- Sun et al. Distribution of abnormal IgG glycosylation patterns from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients by MALDI-TOF-MSn. Analyst. 2019.
- Hafkenscheid et al. N-Linked Glycans in the Variable Domain of IgG Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibodies Predict the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatology. 2019.
- Gudelj et al. Low galactosylation of IgG associates with higher risk for future diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis during 10 years of follow-up. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 2018.
- Bermingham et al. N-Glycan Profile and Kidney Disease in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018.
- Reiding et al. Serum Protein N-Glycosylation Changes with Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity during and after Pregnancy. Frontiers in Medicine. 2018.
- Magorivska et al. Glycosylation of random IgG distinguishes seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmunity. 2018.
- Fernandes-Cerqueira et al. Patients with anti-Jo1 antibodies display a characteristic IgG Fc-glycan profile which is further enhanced in anti-Jo1 autoantibodies. Scientific Reports. 2018.
- Scherer et al. The B cell response to citrullinated antigens in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2018.
- Chen et al. High-throughput characterization of the functional impact of IgG Fc glycan aberrancy in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Glycobiology. 2017.
- Seeling et al. Differential antibody glycosylation in autoimmunity: sweet biomarker or modulator of disease activity? Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2017.
- Huang et al. Characterization of IgG glycosylation in rheumatoid arthritis patients by MALDI-TOF-MSn and capillary electrophoresis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2017.
- Kemna et al. Galactosylation and sialylation levels of IgG predict relapse in patients with PR3-ANCA associated vasculitis. EBioMedicine. 2017.
- Wong et al. Sialylated IgG-Fc: a novel biomarker of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2016.
- Gińdzieńska-Sieśkiewicz et al. Changes of glycosylation of IgG in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate. Advances in Medical Sciences. 2016.
- Yarwood et al. Loci associated with N-glycosylation of human IgG are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a Mendelian randomisation study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2016.
- Sebastian et al. Glycan Biomarkers for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Remission Status in Han Chinese Patients. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology. 2016.
- Rombouts et al. Extensive glycosylation of ACPA-IgG variable domains modulates binding to citrullinated antigens in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2016.
- Rombouts et al. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies acquire a pro-inflammatory Fc glycosylation phenotype prior to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2015.
- Chen et al. Measuring decreased serum IgG sialylation: a novel clinical biomarker of lupus. Lupus. 2015.
- Sjöwall et al. Altered glycosylation of complexed native IgG molecules is associated with disease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2015.
- Wuhrer et al. Skewed Fc glycosylation profiles of anti-proteinase 3 immunoglobulin G1 autoantibodies from granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients show low levels of bisection, galactosylation, and sialylation. Journal of Proteome Research. 2015.
- Fickentscher et al. The pathogenicity of Anti-beta2GP1-IgG autoantibodies depends on Fc glycosylation. Journal of Immunology Research. 2015.
- Vučković et al. Association of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Decreased Immunosuppressive Potential of the IgG Glycome. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2015.
- Albrecht et al. Glycosylation as a marker for inflammatory arthritis. Cancer Biomarkers. 2014.
- Bondt et al. Association between Galactosylation of Immunoglobulin G and Improvement of Rheumatoid Arthritis during Pregnancy Is Independent of Sialylation. Journal of Proteome Research. 2013.
- Ercan et al. Multiple juvenile idiopathic arthritis subtypes demonstrate proinflammatory IgG glycosylation. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2012.
- Espy et al. Sialylation levels of anti-proteinase 3 antibodies are associated with the activity of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's). Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2011.
- Perdivara et al. Mass Spectrometric Determination of IgG Subclass-Specific Glycosylation Profiles in Siblings Discordant for Myositis Syndromes. Journal of Proteome Research. 2011.
- Selman et al. IgG Fc N-Glycosylation Changes in Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome and Myasthenia Gravis. Journal of Proteome Research. 2010.
- Scherer et al. Glycan profiling of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies isolated from human serum and synovial fluid. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2010.
- Ercan et al. Aberrant IgG galactosylation precedes disease onset, correlates with disease activity, and is prevalent in autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2010.
- van de Geijn et al. Immunoglobulin G galactosylation and sialylation are associated with pregnancy-induced improvement of rheumatoid arthritis and the postpartum flare: results from a large prospective cohort study. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2009.
- Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al. The changes in monosaccharide composition of immunoglobulin G in the course of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Rheumatology. 2007.
- Nandakumar et al. Endoglycosidase treatment abrogates IgG arthritogenicity: importance of IgG glycosylation in arthritis. European Journal of Immunology. 2007.
- Croce et al. Effect of infliximab on the glycosylation of IgG of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2007.
- Holland et al. Differential glycosylation of polyclonal IgG, IgG-Fc and IgG-Fab isolated from the sera of patients with ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2006.
- Pasek et al. Galactosylation of IgG from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients – changes during therapy. Glycoconjugate Journal. 2006.
- Axford et al. Rheumatic disease differentiation using immunoglobulin G sugar printing by high density electrophoresis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003.
- Cremata et al. Hypogalactosylation of serum IgG in patients with coeliac disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003.
- Holland et al. Hypogalactosylation of serum IgG in patients with ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002.
- Watson et al. Sugar printing rheumatic diseases: a potential method for disease differentiation using immunoglobulin G oligosaccharides. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1999.
- Martin et al. Characterization of changes in IgG associated oligosaccharide profiles in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis using fluorophore linked carbohydrate electrophoresis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001.
- Matsumoto et al. Autoantibody activity of IgG rheumatoid factor increases with decreasing levels of galactosylation and sialylation. The Journal of Biochemistry. 2000.
- Leirisalo-Repo et al. Agalactosyl IgG is elevated in patients with active spondyloarthropathy. Rheumatology International. 1999.
- Flögel et al. Fucosylation and galactosylation of IgG heavy chains differ between acute and remission phases of juvenile chronic arthritis. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 1998.
- Bond et al. A detailed lectin analysis of IgG glycosylation, demonstrating disease specific changes in terminal galactose and N-acetylglucosamine. Journal of Autoimmunity. 1997.
- Bodman-Smith et al. Agalactosyl IgG [Gal(o)]–an analysis of its clinical utility in the long-term follow-up of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The British Journal of Rheumatology. 1996.
- Pilkington et al. Agalactosyl IgG and materno-fetal transmission of autoimmune neonatal lupus. Rheumatology International. 1996.
- Bond et al. The relationship between exposed galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues on IgG in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) and Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1996.
- Malhotra et al. Glycosylation changes of IgG associated with rheumatoid arthritis can activate complement via the mannose-binding protein. Nature Medicine. 1995.
- Pilkington et al. Agalactosyl IgG and Antibody Specificity in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Tuberculosis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Myasthenia Gravis. Autoimmunity. 1995.
- van Zeben et al. Early agalactosylation of IgG is associated with a more progressive disease course in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results of a follow-up study. Rheumatology. 1994.
- Hernández-Pando et al. Raised agalactosyl IgG and antimycobacterial humoral immunity in Takayasu's arteritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994.
- Thompson et al. Agalactosyl IgG in pristane-induced arthritis. Pregnancy affects the incidence and severity of arthritis and the glycosylation status of IgG. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1992.
- Axford et al. Changes in normal glycosylation mechanisms in autoimmune rheumatic disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1992.
- Tomana et al. Abnormal galactosylation of serum IgG in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and members of families with high frequency of autoimmune diseases. Rheumatology International. 1992.
- Rook et al. Changes in IgG glycoform levels are associated with remission of arthritis during pregnancy. Journal of Autoimmunity. 1991.
- Young et al. Agalactosyl IgG: an aid to differential diagnosis in early synovitis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1991.
- Sumar et al. Reduction in IgG galactose in juvenile and adult onset rheumatoid arthritis measured by a lectin binding method and its relation to rheumatoid factor. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1991.
- Parekh et al. Galactosylation of IgG associated oligosaccharides: Reduction in patients with adult and juvenile onset Rheumatoid Arthritis and relation to disease activity. Lancet. 1988.
- Pekelharing et al. Alterations in carbohydrate composition of serum IgG from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and from pregnant women. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1988.
- Parekh et al. Association of rheumatoid arthritis and primary osteoarthritis with changes in the glycosylation pattern of total serum IgG. Nature. 1985.
Female health4
- Deriš et al. Immunoglobulin G glycome composition in transition from premenopause to postmenopause. iScience. 2022.
- Mijakovac et al. Effects of Estradiol on Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation: Mapping of the Downstream Signaling Mechanism. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021.
- Jurić et al. Effects of estradiol on biological age measured using the glycan age index. Aging (Albany NY). 2020.
- Ercan et al. Estrogens regulate glycosylation of IgG in women and men. JCI Insight. 2017.
Inflammation9
- Chernykh et al. RCL glycosylation of serum corticosteroid-binding globulin: implications in cortisol delivery and septic shock. Glycobiology. 2025.
- Lauc Can we suppress chronic systemic inflammation and postpone age-related diseases by targeting the IgG glycome? Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 2024.
- Radovani and Gudelj N-Glycosylation and Inflammation; the Not-So-Sweet Relation. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022.
- Liu and Liu Chapter One - IgG N-glycans. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2021.
- Klarić et al. Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G is regulated by a large network of genes pleiotropic with inflammatory diseases. Science Advances. 2020.
- Plomp et al. Subclass-specific IgG glycosylation is associated with markers of inflammation and metabolic health. Scientific Reports. 2017.
- Novokmet et al. Changes in IgG and total plasma protein glycomes in acute systemic inflammation. Scientific Reports. 2014.
- Dall’Olio et al. N-glycomic biomarkers of biological aging and longevity: A link with inflammaging. Ageing Research Reviews. 2013.
- Tomana et al. Abnormal glycosylation of serum IgG from patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1988.
Interventions40
Bariatric surgery
- Štambuk et al. Alterations in plasma protein N-glycosylation after caloric restriction and bariatric surgery. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. 2024.
- Greto et al. Extensive weight loss reduces glycan age by altering IgG N-glycosylation. International Journal of Obesity. 2021.
Diet
- Pribić et al. A 2-year calorie restriction intervention reduces glycomic biological age biomarkers. medRxiv. 2024.
- Štambuk et al. Alterations in plasma protein N-glycosylation after caloric restriction and bariatric surgery. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. 2024.
- Deriš et al. Effects of low-calorie and different weight-maintenance diets on IgG glycome composition. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022.
- Greto et al. Extensive weight loss reduces glycan age by altering IgG N-glycosylation. International Journal of Obesity. 2021.
Exercise
- Šimunić-Briški et al. Regular moderate physical exercise decreases Glycan Age index of biological age and reduces inflammatory potential of Immunoglobulin G. Glycoconjugate Journal. 2023.
- Tijardović et al. Intense Physical Exercise Induces an Anti-inflammatory Change in IgG N-Glycosylation Profile. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019.
Medical therapies
- Rapčan et al. Anastrozole and Tamoxifen Impact on IgG Glycome Composition Dynamics in Luminal A and Luminal B Breast Cancers. Antibodies. 2024.
- Vinicki et al. Effects of testosterone and metformin on the GlycanAge index of biological age and the composition of the IgG glycome. GeroScience. 2024.
- Hanić et al. Anti-TNF Biologicals Enhance the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of IgG N-Glycome in Crohn's Disease. Biomolecules. 2023.
- Visconti et al. Total serum N-glycans associate with response to immune checkpoint inhibition therapy and survival in patients with advanced melanoma. BMC Cancer. 2023.
- Trzos et al. Changes of IgG N-Glycosylation in Thyroid Autoimmunity: The Modulatory Effect of Methimazole in Graves' Disease and the Association With the Severity of Inflammation in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022.
- Štambuk et al. Distinct Longitudinal Changes in Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation Associate with Therapy Response in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022.
- Font et al. IgG N-glycosylation from Patients with Pemphigus Treated with Rituximab. Biomedicines. 2022.
- Petit et al. Longitudinal Pathogenic Properties and N-Glycosylation Profile of Antibodies from Patients with Pemphigus after Corticosteroid Treatment. Biomedicines. 2021.
- Mijakovac et al. Effects of Estradiol on Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation: Mapping of the Downstream Signaling Mechanism. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021.
- Jurić et al. Effects of estradiol on biological age measured using the glycan age index. Aging (Albany NY). 2020.
- Schmidt et al. IgG-Fc glycosylation before and after rituximab treatment in immune thrombocytopenia. Scientific Reports. 2020.
- Qin et al. Prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic efficacy in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer by serum IgG glycomics profiling. Clinical Proteomics. 2020.
- Vadrevu et al. Frontline Science: Plasma and immunoglobulin G galactosylation associate with HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2018.
- Park et al. Blood plasma/IgG N-glycome biosignatures associated with major depressive disorder symptom severity and the antidepressant response. Scientific Reports. 2018.
- de Haan et al. Immunoglobulin G fragment crystallizable glycosylation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is dissimilar to donor profiles. Frontiers in Immunology. 2018.
- Keser et al. Effects of statins on the immunoglobulin G glycome. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 2017.
- Brückner et al. Sweet SIGNs: IgG glycosylation leads the way in IVIG-mediated resolution of inflammation. International Immunology. 2017.
- Gińdzieńska-Sieśkiewicz et al. Changes of glycosylation of IgG in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate. Advances in Medical Sciences. 2016.
- Fokkink et al. IgG Fc N-Glycosylation in Guillain–Barré Syndrome Treated with Immunoglobulins. Journal of Proteome Research. 2014.
- Saldova et al. Association of Medication with the Human Plasma N-Glycome. Journal of Proteome Research. 2012.
- Selman et al. Changes in Antigen-specific IgG1 Fc N-glycosylation Upon Influenza and Tetanus Vaccination. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 2011.
- Croce et al. Effect of infliximab on the glycosylation of IgG of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2007.
- Pasek et al. Galactosylation of IgG from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients – changes during therapy. Glycoconjugate Journal. 2006.
Fecal microbiota transplantation
- Monaghan et al. Decreased Complexity of Serum N-glycan Structures Associates with Successful Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. Gastroenterology. 2019.
Supplements
- Henderson et al. The use of a systems approach to increase NAD+ in human participants. npj Aging. 2024.
- Vinicki et al. Effects of testosterone and metformin on the GlycanAge index of biological age and the composition of the IgG glycome. GeroScience. 2024.
- Stupin et al. The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched hen eggs consumption on IgG and total plasma protein N-glycosylation in healthy individuals and cardiovascular patients. Glycobiology. 2021.
Weight loss
- Greto et al. Extensive weight loss reduces glycan age by altering IgG N-glycosylation. International Journal of Obesity. 2021.
- Sarin et al. Molecular Pathways Mediating Immunosuppression in Response to Prolonged Intensive Physical Training, Low-Energy Availability, and Intensive Weight Loss. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019.
Other
- Dumić et al. Changes in Specific Biomarkers Indicate Cardiac Adaptive and Anti-inflammatory Response of Repeated Recreational SCUBA Diving. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2022.
- Schmidt et al. IgG-Fc glycosylation before and after rituximab treatment in immune thrombocytopenia. Scientific Reports. 2020.
- Gudelj et al. Changes in total plasma and serum N-glycome composition and patient-controlled analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Scientific Reports. 2016.
Methodology8
- Radovani et al. Storage stability and HILIC-UHPLC-FLR analysis of immunoglobulin G N-glycome from saliva. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2023.
- Šimunović et al. High-throughput immunoaffinity enrichment and N-glycan analysis of human plasma haptoglobin. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2023.
- Alhasan et al. Mouse milk immunoglobulin G Fc-linked N-glycosylation nano-LC-MS analysis in a model of vancomycin exposure during pregnancy. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2023.
- de Haan et al. Developments and perspectives in high-throughput protein glycomics: enabling the analysis of thousands of samples. Glycobiology. 2022.
- Trbojević-Akmačić et al. High-Throughput Glycomic Methods. Chemical Reviews. 2022.
- Paton et al. Glycosylation Biomarkers Associated with Age-Related Diseases and Current Methods for Glycan Analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021.
- Šimunović et al. Comprehensive N-glycosylation analysis of immunoglobulin G from dried blood spots. Glycobiology. 2019.
- Hanić et al. N-Glycan Analysis by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Gel Electrophoresis with Fluorescent Labeling. Current Protocols in Protein Science. 2019.
Further reading
From our evidence notes
- Multi-Omics in Precision & Preventive Medicine: From Molecular Insights to Better Health OutcomesHow integrating genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics and clinical biomarkers may support personalised prevention, health optimisation and healthy ageing.
- Inflammaging: The Hidden Link Between Chronic Inflammation, Immune Ageing and the Hallmarks of AgeingWhy chronic low-grade inflammation connects ageing, immune dysfunction and age-related disease, and what emerging glycan biomarkers can and cannot yet tell us about it.
Clinical value
Retesting and interpretation
One result establishes a baseline. Follow-up results show whether your measured profile has changed.
- 01
Choose a useful interval
Agree retest timing with your specialist and allow enough time for the planned change. Keep a record of sleep, exercise, nutrition, illness, medication and hormone changes. - 02
Read changes carefully
Differences can reflect biological and analytical variation as well as lifestyle changes. A lower age estimate alone is not proof that ageing has been reversed or disease risk reduced. - 03
Put symptoms first
Persistent fatigue, pain or other symptoms need clinical assessment. An age estimate within a favourable range does not exclude disease.
Measure → Intervene → Re-measure → Verify
White-label opportunity
Your programme. Your brand. Our infrastructure.
Immune Ageing & Glycan Biology can be integrated into healthcare, longevity and preventive-health programmes as a branded or co-branded testing pathway, without building the laboratory infrastructure behind it.
- Branded test kits and packaging
- Integration into existing clinic or longevity programmes
- Remote sample collection
- Laboratory analysis
- A patient-facing experience in your name
- Results delivered into your preferred reporting environment
- Repeat testing and longitudinal programmes
Remote access
Sample collection at home, outside the clinic.An immune layer
A glycan-based view of inflammation-related ageing, from a finger-prick.Longitudinal use
Repeat testing to follow change over time.
Limitations
An additional perspective
IgG glycan profiling provides information about inflammation-related biology. It does not measure every inflammatory pathway, identify the cause of inflammation or replace markers such as CRP when clinically indicated. Repeat testing can track whether your glycan profile changes; it cannot establish which habit caused a change or whether health outcomes have improved.
This test complements a clinical assessment. It does not diagnose chronic inflammatory disease, predict a specific illness, or demonstrate that a lifestyle intervention prevents disease. Availability and regulatory status vary by market.
Contact
Thirty minutes, and you will know whether this fits your clinic.
Tell us how your clinic works today and which patients you see. We will go through the portfolio, what can be offered in your market, and what your team would need from us.
